Arab-Israeli Conflict Information (Palestine) @ WealthAuthority.com

The Arab–Israeli conflict (Arabic Arabic (العربية al-ʿarabīyah, ( Arabic pronunciation ) or عربي ʿarabi) is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages such as Hebrew and the Neo-Aramaic languages. Arabic has more speakers than any other language in the Semitic language family. It is spoken by more than 280 million: الصراع العربي الإسرائيلي‎ Aṣ-Ṣirāʿ al-ʿArabī al-'Isrā'īlī, Hebrew Extinct as a regularly spoken language by the 4th century CE, but survived as a liturgical and literary language; revived in the 1880s: הסכסוך הישראלי-ערבי‎ HaSikhsukh HaYisre'eli-Aravi) refers to the political tensions and open hostilities between the Arab people of the Middle East The Middle East is a region that encompasses southwestern Asia and Egypt. In some contexts, the term has recently been expanded in usage to sometimes include Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and North Africa. It's often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the Jewish community of present-day Israel Israel , officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל (help·info), Medīnat Yisrā'el; Arabic: دَوْلَةُ إِسْرَائِيلَ‎, Dawlat Isrā'īl), is a country in Western Asia located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the, that has lasted for over a century. Some trace the beginning of the conflict to large-scale Jewish immigration to Palestine, especially after the establishment of the Zionist movement Zionism is a nationalist Jewish political movement that, in its broadest sense, calls for the self-determination of the Jewish people and a sovereign, Jewish national homeland. Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the Zionist movement continues primarily to support and advocate on behalf of the Jewish state, and its current existence and which intensified with the creation of the modern State of Israel in 1948 in territory regarded by the Jewish people The Jews also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation. Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is as their historical homeland The terms "Jewish state" and "homeland of the Jewish people" are used to describe the Zionist movement and the State of Israel and refer to its status as a nation-state established in Palestine for Jews, and by the Pan-Arab movement as belonging to the Palestinians The Palestinian people, also referred to as Palestinians or Palestinian Arabs (Arabic: الفلسطينيون‎, al-filasTīnīyyūn; Arabic: العرب الفلسطينيون‎, al-`Arab al-filasTīnīyyūn), are an Arabic-speaking people with family origins in Palestine. The total Palestinian population is estimated at approximately 12 million,, be they Muslim, Christian, Druze or other (and in the Pan-Islamic context, in territory regarded as Muslim lands Different divisions of the world have existed in Islamic religion and culture.The idea of divisions was suggested by Imam Abu Hanifa. Some are geo-political divisions that are derived from non-Qu'ranic traditions in Islamic culture. These conventions delineate several divisions of the world called "Houses" or "Dar" - literally &).

The conflict, which started as a political and nationalist conflict over competing territorial ambitions following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was a regime that lasted from 1299 to 1923, has shifted over the years from the large scale regional Arab–Israeli conflict to a more local Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is the ongoing dispute between Israelis and Palestinians, an enduring and explosive conflict. The conflict is wide-ranging, and the term is also used in reference to the earlier phases of the same conflict, between Jewish and Zionist yishuv and the majority Arab population living in Palestine under Ottoman or, though the Arab World The Arab World refers to Arabic-speaking countries stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. It consists of 25 countries and territories with a combined population of 358 million people straddling North and Israel Israel , officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל (help·info), Medīnat Yisrā'el; Arabic: دَوْلَةُ إِسْرَائِيلَ‎, Dawlat Isrā'īl), is a country in Western Asia located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the generally remain at odds with each other over specific territory.

1 Religious aspects of the conflict
2 History
3 Cost of conflict
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links

In 1917, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration The declaration was made in a letter from Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild , a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland, a Zionist organization. The letter reflected the position of the British Cabinet, as agreed upon in a meeting on 31 October 1917, which stated that the government viewed favourably "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" but "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". The Declaration was issued as a result of the belief of key members of the government, including Prime Minister Lloyd George, that Jewish support was essential to winning the war; however, the declaration caused great disquiet in the Arab world.^[10] After the war, the area came under British rule as the British Mandate of Palestine. The area mandated to the British, included what is today Israel, Jordan, the West Bank and Gaza.

Jewish immigration to Palestine increased. By 1931, 17 percent of the population of Palestine were Jews, an increase of six percent since 1922.^[11] Jewish immigration increased soon after the Nazis came to power in Germany, causing the Jewish population in Palestine to double.^[12] Palestinian Arabs saw this rapid influx of Jewish immigrants as a threat to their homeland and their identity as a people. Moreover, Jewish policies of purchasing land and prohibiting the employment of Arabs in Jewish-owned industries and farms greatly angered the Palestinian Arab communities.^[13] Demonstrations were held as early as 1920, protesting what the Arabs felt were unfair preferences for the Jewish immigrants set forth by the British mandate that governed Palestine at the time. This resentment led to outbreaks of violence. In March 1920, a first violent incident occurred in Tel Hai, later that year riots broke out in Jerusalem. Winston Churchill's 1922 White Paper tried to reassure the Arab population, denying that the creation of a Jewish state was the intention of the Balfour Declaration. In 1929, after a demonstration by Vladimir Jabotinsky's political group Betar at the Western Wall, riots started in Jerusalem and expanded throughout Palestine; Arabs murdered 67 Jews in the city of Hebron, in what became known as the Hebron Massacre.

A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to protect against rock, glass, and grenade throwing, late 1930s A headline from The Baltimore News following the 1929 Palestinian massacre of Jews in Hebron

During the week of riots, at least 116 Arabs and 133 Jews^[14] were killed and 339 wounded.^[15] By 1936, escalating tensions led to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.^[16]

In response to Arab pressure^[17], the British Mandate authorities greatly reduced the number of Jewish immigrants to Palestine (see White Paper of 1939 and the Exodus ship). These restrictions remained in place until the end of the mandate, a period which coincided with the Nazi Holocaust and the flight of Jewish refugees from Europe. As a consequence, most Jewish entrants to Palestine were illegal (see Aliyah Bet), causing further tensions in the region. Following several failed attempts to solve the problem diplomatically, the British asked the newly formed United Nations for help. On 15 May 1947 the UN appointed a committee, the UNSCOP, composed of representatives from eleven states. To make the committee more neutral, none of the Great Powers were represented.^[18] After five weeks of in-country study, the commission recommended creating a partitioned state with separate territories for the Jews and the Arabs in Palestine . This "two state solution" was accepted with resolution 181 by the UN General Assembly in November 1947 by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions. The Arab states, which constituted the Arab League, voted against. On the ground, Arab and Jewish Palestinians were fighting openly to control strategic positions in the region. Several major atrocities were committed by both sides.^[19]

The main differences between the 1947 partition proposal and 1949 armistice lines are highlighted in light red and magenta

In the months prior to the end of the Mandate the Haganah launched a number of offensives in which they gained control over all the territory allocated by the UN to the Jewish State, creating a large number of refugees and capturing the towns of Tiberias, Haifa, Safad, Beisan and, in effect, Jaffa.

On May 14, 1948, one day before the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, Israel declared its independence and sovereignty on the portion partitioned by UNSCOP for the Jewish state. The next day, the Arab League reiterated officially their opposition to the "two-state solution" in a letter to the UN.^[20] That day, the armies of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq invaded the territory partitioned for the Arab state, thus starting the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The nascent Israeli Defense Force repulsed the Arab nations from part of the occupied territories, thus extending its borders beyond the original UNSCOP partition.^[21] By December 1948, Israel controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the Jordan River. The remainder of the Mandate consisted of Jordan, the area that came to be called the West Bank (controlled by Jordan), and the Gaza Strip (controlled by Egypt). Prior to and during this conflict, 711,000^[22] Palestinians Arabs fled their original lands to become Palestinian refugees, in part, due to an alleged promise from Arab leaders that they would be able to return when the war is won. Many Palestinians fled from the areas that are now present-day Israel as a response to massacres of Arab towns by militant and terrorist Jewish organizations like the Irgun and the Stern Gang (See Deir Yassin massacre). Many historians speculate that these massacres took place with the intention of causing psychological distress amongst the Arab population, giving them ample reason and fear to flee their homes and surrounding areas. The War came to an end with the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and each of its Arab neighbours. This 1949 armistice line, the so-called green line, is to this day the internationally-recognized border of the state of Israel. It is often referred to as the "pre-1967" border.^{[citation needed]}

David Ben Gurion, Israel's first Prime Minister, accepted the two state solution that the UN established in 1947, but Ben Gurion expressed in a letter to his wife:

...a "partial" Jewish State was just a beginning, and [Ben Gurion] planned the organization of a powerful army, and the use of coercion or force to absorb all the country's extension.^[23]^[24]

1949–1967

Before the adoption by the United Nations of Resolution 181 in November 1947 and the declaration of the State of Israel in May 1948, several Arab countries adopted discriminatory measures against their local Jewish populations.^[25]^[26] There were riots in Yemen and Syria. In Libya, Jews were deprived of citizenship, and in Iraq, their property was seized.^[27] As a result, a large number of Jews were forced to emigrate from Arab lands, although many also emigrated for ideological reasons.^[28] Over 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1952, with approximately 285,000 of them from Arab countries.^[29]^[28] Overall, about 850,000 Jews had left the Arab World by the early 1970s (according to official Arab documentation), with many of them leaving their property behind.^[30] Today, these displaced Jews and their descendants represent 41% of the total population of Israel. For details, see Jewish exodus from Arab lands.

As a result of Israel's victory in its 1948 war of independence, any Arabs caught on the wrong side of the cease-fire line were unable to return to their homes in what became Israel. Likewise, any Jews on the West Bank or in Gaza were exiled from their property and homes to Israel. The main difference between the two is that Arabs were allowed to stay in Israel and gain citizenship post-1948, while Jews were completely removed from Arab-held areas after 1948. Today's Palestinian refugees are the descendants of those who left, either out of fear for their lives or in response to instructions from the Grand Mufti and/or Arab armies to leave their homes, so the Arab armies would have a free-fire range to evict the Jews from the new UN-created State of Israel.^{[citation needed]}

In 1956, Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, in contravention of the Constantinople Convention of 1888. Many argued that this was also a violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements.^[31]^[32] On July 26, 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company, and closed the canal to Israeli shipping.^[33]

Israel responded on October 29, 1956, by invading the Sinai Peninsula with British and French support. During the Suez Canal Crisis, Israel captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula. The United States and the United Nations soon pressured it into a ceasefire.^[33]^[34] Israel agreed to withdraw from Egyptian territory. Egypt agreed to freedom of navigation in the region and the demilitarization of the Sinai. The United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was created and deployed to oversee the demilitarization.^[35] The UNEF was only deployed on the Egyptian side of the border, as Israel refused to allow them on its territory.^[36]

On May 19, 1967, Egypt expelled UNEF observers,^[37] and deployed 100,000 soldiers in the Sinai Peninsula.^[38] It again closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping,^[39]^[40] returning the region to the way it was in 1956 when Israel was blockaded.

In 1966-67, Egypt's leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser, began a pan-Arab campaign seeking unified support to conquer Israel and expel the Jews. Freshly armed with the latest in Soviet supplied planes, tanks, and other military stocks, Egypt felt, for the first time since 1948, that they were in a position to overrun Israel. Egyptian media began a relentless and supportive jingoist campaign whipping up a fervor of popular support for war. This enthusiasm spilled over to the other Arab capitals.

On May 30, 1967, Jordan entered into the mutual defense pact between Egypt and Syria. Egypt mobilized Sinai units, crossing UN lines (after having expelled the UN border monitors) and mobilized and massed on Israel's southern border. Likewise, armies in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan also mobilized, encircling Israel for an imminent coordinated attack. In response, on June 5 Israel sent almost all of its planes on a preemptive mission into Egypt. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) destroyed most of the Egyptian Air Force in a surprise attack, then turned east to destroy the Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces.^{[citation needed]} This strike was the crucial element in Israel's victory in the Six-Day War.^[38]^[40] At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, eastern Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. The results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day.

1967–1973

In the summer of 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be no recognition, no peace and no negotiations with the State of Israel, the so-called "three no's".^[41]

Egyptian forces crossing the Suez Canal on October 7, 1973

In 1969, Egypt initiated the War of Attrition, with the goal of exhausting Israel into surrendering the Sinai Peninsula.^[42] The war ended following Nasser's death in 1970.

On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt staged a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, overwhelming the Israeli military.^[43]^[44] The Yom Kippur War accommodated indirect confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. When Israel had turned the tide of war, the USSR threatened military intervention. The United States, wary of nuclear war, secured a ceasefire on October 25.^[43]^[44]

1974–2000

Egypt

Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David

Following the Camp David Accords of the late 1970s, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty in March, 1979. Under its terms, the Sinai Peninsula returned to Egyptian hands, and the Gaza Strip remained under Israeli control, to be included in a future Palestinian state. The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal and recognition of the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways.

Jordan

In October 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a peace agreement, which stipulated mutual cooperation, an end of hostilities, and a resolution of other issues. The conflict between them had cost roughly 18.3 billion dollars. Its signing is also closely linked with the efforts to create peace between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) representing the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). It was signed at the southern border crossing of Arabah on October 26, 1994 and made Jordan only the second Arab country (after Egypt) to normalize relations with Israel.

Iraq

2000–present

Sbarro pizza restaurant bombing in Jerusalem, in which 15 Israeli civilians were killed and 130 wounded. Hamas said that the attack was in response to Israel's targeted assassination of two leading Hamas commanders in Nablus, Jamal Mansour and Omar Mansour.

As an attempt to halt the al-Aqsa Intifada, Israel raided facilities in major urban centers in the West Bank in 2002. This included re-taking many parts of land in Area A. Violence again swept through the region. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon began a policy of unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2003. This policy was fully implemented in August 2005.^[49] Sharon's announcement to disengage from Gaza came as a tremendous shock to his critics both on the left and on the right. A year previously, he had commented that the fate of the most far-flung settlements in Gaza, Netzararem and Kfar Darom, was regarded in the same light as that of Tel Aviv.^[50] The formal announcements to evacuate seventeen Gaza settlements and another four in the West Bank in February 2004 represented the first reversal for the settler movement since 1968. It divided his party. It was strongly supported by Trade and Industry Minister Ehud Olmert and Tzipi Livni, the Minister for Immigration and Absorption, but Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom and Finance Minister Bibi Netanyahu equally strongly condemned it. It was also uncertain whether this was simply the beginning of further evacuation.^[51]

In June 2006, a cross border raid by Palestinian militants from the Gaza Strip resulted in the capture of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit;^[52] to date, he's been held hostage by Hamas, who barred the International Red Cross from seeing him, and demands the release of 450 Palestinian prisoners.^[53]^[54]^[55] Hamas took over control of the strip in 2007. Due to Hamas holding Shalit, firing rockets at Israeli towns, and refusing to recognize past agreements between the Palestinian National Authority and Israel, the latter has tightened its control over Gaza's borders and restricted the flow of goods and people into and out of the area. Due to this policy, according to the BBC, "there are high levels of poverty, deprivation and unemployment in Gaza City ... Only basic humanitarian items have been allowed in [the Gaza Strip], and virtually no exports permitted, paralyzing the economy."^[56]

In July 2006, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon into Israel, attacked and killed eight Israeli soldiers, and abducted two others as hostages, setting off the 2006 Lebanon War which caused much destruction in Lebanon.^[57] A UN-sponsored ceasefire went into effect on August 14, 2006, officially ending the conflict.^[58] The conflict killed over a thousand people, mostly Lebanese civilians,^[59]^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63] severely damaged Lebanese civil infrastructure, and displaced approximately one million Lebanese^[64] and 300,000–500,000 Israelis, although most were able to return to their homes.^[65]^[66]^[67] After the ceasefire, some parts of Southern Lebanon remained uninhabitable due to Israeli unexploded cluster bomblets.^[68]

On September 6, 2007, in Operation Orchard, Israel bombed an eastern Syrian complex which was allegedly a nuclear reactor being built with assistance from North Korea.^[69] Israel had also bombed Syria in 2003.

In April 2008, Syrian President Bashar Al Assad told a Qatari newspaper that Syria and Israel had been discussing a peace treaty for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. This was confirmed in May 2008 by a spokesman for Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. As well as a peace treaty, the future of the Golan Heights is being discussed. President Assad was quoted in the The Guardian as telling the Qatari paper:

...there would be no direct negotiations with Israel until a new US president takes office. The US was the only party qualified to sponsor any direct talks, President Assad told the paper, but added that the Bush administration "does not have the vision or will for the peace process. It does not have anything." ^[70]

Speaking in Jerusalem on August 26, 2008, then United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice criticized Israel's increased settlement construction in the West Bank as detrimental to the peace process. Rice's comments came amid reports that Israeli construction in the disputed territory had increased by a factor of 1.8 over 2007 levels.^[71]

A fragile six-month truce between Hamas and Israel expired on December 19, 2008;^[72] attempts at extending the truce failed amid accusations of breaches from both sides.^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76] Following the expiration, Israel launched a raid on a tunnel suspected of being used to kidnap Israeli soldiers which killed several Hamas fighters.^[77] Following this, Hamas resumed rocket and mortar attacks on Israeli cities, most notably firing over 60 rockets on December 24. On December 27, 2008, Israel launched Operation Cast Lead — a massive aerial assault and subsequent land invasion — against Hamas, beginning a major battle in Gaza. The Israeli Operation began with an intense bombardment of the Gaza strip, targeting Hamas bases, police training camps, police headquarters and offices. Civilian infrastructure, including mosques, houses and schools were also attacked with allegations being made by Israel that Hamas fighters were operating out of them. Throughout the conflict, Hamas and other organizations fired hundreds of rockets and mortar shells on Israeli cities. Human Rights groups and aid organizations have accused Israel and Hamas of War Crimes and called for independent investigations and review of arms sales to Israel.^[78] The conflict came to an end on January 18, 2009 after first Israel and then Hamas announced unilateral ceasefires. In the days following the ceasefire, the BBC reported that, "more than 40,000 Gazans were left without running water and 4,000 homes had been ruined, leaving tens of thousands of people homeless.^[79]

In December 2009, Israel signaled that it was intending to build a further 700 apartments in East Jerusalem, a move criticized by the international community which views such settlements as illegal. The move was criticized by the United States as a "blow" to peaceful negotiations with the Palestinians. The Palestinian Authority has postponed future negotiations with Israel until Israel halts the construction of additional settlements on what the PA considers Palestinian territory.^[80]

The newly rebuilt Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem was dedicated on March 15, 2010. Several Palestinian leaders claimed that the rededication signaled Israel’s intent to destroy the Muslim holy places on the Temple Mount and replace it with the Third Temple. Fatah official, Khatem Abd el-Khader, called the renovation of the Hurva a "provocation", warned Israel that it was "playing with fire" and called on Palestinians to "converge on Al-Aksa to save it."^[81] Fearing riots by Arab protestors, over 3,000 policemen were deployed ahead of the dedication ceremony.^[81] The Organisation of the Islamic Conference said that the reopening risked "dragging the region into a religious war" and claimed the building was historically on a waqf (Islamic trust) land.^[82] The Jordanian government also condemned the move stating that it "categorically rejects the rededication of Hurva synagogue and all other unilateral Israeli measures in occupied East Jerusalem because they run counter to international legitimacy."^[83] Iran urged the international community to respond to the reopening and a Foreign Ministry spokesman called the move a "catastrophe that has distressed the Islamic world."^[84] Israeli officials countered that Arab fears of a takeover of the Temple Mount were based on rumors and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu extended a message of coexistence.^[85] The day after, Arabs clashed with Israeli police in East Jerusalem after Palestinian groups called for a "day of rage" over the reopening.^[86]

Cost of conflict

References

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^ ^a ^b Aliyeh to Israel: Immigration under Conditions of Adversity - Shoshana Neumann, Bar-Ilan University, page 10. - Asia: Yemen - 45,127 (6.7), Turkey - 34,647 (5), Iraq - 124,225 (18), Iran - 25,971 (3.8), Syria and Lebanon - 3,162 (0.5), Eden - 3,320 (0.5); Africa: Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria - 52,565 (7.7), Libya - 32,130 (4.6) (Keren-Hayesod, 1953). Note: The numbers add up to 286,500 (without Turkey, see also: History of the Jews in Turkey).
^ '1942 - 1951', Jewish Agency for Israel. - During the first four years of statehood, the country had to struggle for its existence, while simultaneously absorbing over 700,000 immigrants.
^ "All I wanted was justice" - Adi Schwarz, Haaretz, Jan. 10 2008. - According to official Arab statistics, some 850,000 Jews left those countries from 1948 to the beginning of the 1970s, and about 600,000 of them were absorbed in Israel ... the property the Jews left behind in Arab countries ... Jewish-owned land alone is estimated at 100,000 square kilometers - four times the size of Israel.
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^ Shlaim. Avi. "Lion of Jordan; The life of King Hussein in War in Peace", 2007, pg.301.
^ Massad, Joseph Andoni. "Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan", pg. 342.
^ Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
^ "Uprising by Palestinians against Israeli rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip territories", Intifada, Microsoft Encarta.
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^ [1] - Haaretz, [2] - UPI: - "[K]idnapped soldier Gilad Shalit"
^ Deal’s collapse extends Shalit saga
^ "Who are the deadly terrorists Israel refuses to release for Shalit?"
^ "Israel to publish Hamas prisoner list"
^ "Gaza crisis: key maps and timeline". BBC News. BBC MMIX. 2009-01-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5122404.stm. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
^ Israel (country), Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia., 2007, p. 12. Archived 2009-10-31.
^ "Lebanon truce holds despite clashes", CNN
^ guardian.co.uk (September 14, 2006). "Amnesty report accuses Hizbullah of war crimes". Retrieved July 16, 2008.
^ Reuters via The Epoch Times (August 6, 2006). "No Let Up in Lebanon War". Retrieved July 16, 2008.
^ Associated Press via CHINAdaily (July 30, 2006). "Rice postpones trip to Beirut". Retrieved July 16, 2008.
^ Sarah Martin and Kristele Younes, Refugees International (August 28, 2006). "Lebanon: Refugees International's Statement for Donors' Conference". Retrieved July 16, 2008.
^ Human Rights Watch (August 2006). "Fatal Strikes: Israel’s Indiscriminate Attacks Against Civilians in Lebanon". Retrieved 2007-04-05.
^ Lebanon Higher Relief Council (2007). "Lebanon Under Siege". Retrieved March 5, 2007.
^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (July 12, 2006). "Hizbullah attacks northern Israel and Israel's response". Retrieved March 5, 2007.
^ "Middle East crisis: Facts and Figures". BBC News Online. 2006-08-31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5257128.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
^ "Israel says it will relinquish positions to Lebanese army". 2006-08-15. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-08-14-mideast_x.htm.
^ "'Million bomblets' in S Lebanon". BBC News Online. 2006-09-26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5382192.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
^ The White House "Statement by the Press Secretary". 2008-04-24. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/04/20080424-14.html= The White House.
^ Walker, Peter; News Agencies (21 May 2008). "Olmert confirms peace talks with Syria". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/may/21/israelandthepalestinians.syria. Retrieved 2008-05-21. "Israel and Syria are holding indirect peace talks, with Turkey acting as a mediator..."
^ Sengupta, Kim (2008-08-27). "Rice calls for Israel to stop building in West Bank". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/rice-calls-for-israel-to-stop-building-in-west-bank-909669.html. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
^ "TIMELINE - Israeli-Hamas violence since truce ended". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKTRE50423320090105.
^ "Hamas 'might renew' truce in Gaza". BBC. 2008-12-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7797144.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
^ "Israel Rejected Hamas Ceasefire Offer In December". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/09/israel-rejected-hamas-cea_n_156639.html?page=2&show_comment_id=19558888#comment_19558888.
^ Anthony H. Cordesman, ‘THE “GAZA WAR”: A Strategic Analysis,’ Center for Strategic & International Studies, February 2009 p.9
^ ‘Israeli Airstrike on Gaza Threatens Truce with Hamas,’ Fox News, November 04, 2008
^ Larry Derfner (US News): Why the Gaza War Between Israel and Hamas Broke Out Now
^ "Demands grow for Gaza war crimes investigation" UK Guardian, Jan 13, 2009.
^ "Scale of Gaza destruction emerges" BBC News, January 19, 2009.
^ Natasha Mozgovaya and Akiva Eldar (2009-12-28). "U.S.: Israel plan to build in East Jerusalem harms peace process". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1138202.html.
^ ^a ^b Selig, Abe. Old City’s Hurva shul reopens, Jerusalem Post, March 14, 2010
^ Islamic Conference slams rebuilt Jerusalem synagogue, March 16, 2010
^ Jordanians protest rededication of synagogue near al-Aqsa mosque, Earth Times, March 16, 2010
^ Iran grills Israel over synagogue reopening, March 16, 2010
^ Synagogue opens in Jerusalem, Aljazeera, March 16, 2010
^ Violence flares in East Jerusalem, aljazeera, March 17, 2010
^ Cost of Conflict in the Middle East, Strategic Foresight Group
^ Pipes, Daniel (2007-10-08). "Arab-Israeli Fatalities Rank 49th". http://www.danielpipes.org/4990/arab-israeli-fatalities-rank-49th. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
^ Buzan, Barry (2003). Regions and powers. Cambridge University Press. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=N3LfkrrNM4QC&pg=PA215&dq=arab-israeli+fatalities&lr=. Retrieved 2009-04-21.

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External links

Government and official sources

Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000
League of Arab States
Palestinian Authority Ministry of Foreign Affairs
US State Department Mideast Peace information
United Nations on the Question of Palestine, and *Israel's UN mission's responses
Arab-Israeli Conflict from UCB Libraries GovPubs

Regional media

Israeli

Israel News - Yedioth Aharonoth Israel's largest newspaper, centrist (Hebrew)
IsraelInsider Israel's Daily Online News Magazine (see also Israelinsider)
Jerusalem Post, Israel's oldest English newspaper, conservative
Ha'aretz Israeli newspaper, liberal
Jerusalem Newswire Christian-run Jerusalem-based news website, conservative

Arab

Lebanon Daily Star, largest English-circulation newspaper in the Arab world
Al Jazeera, pan-Arab news station (see also Al Jazeera)
Al Ahram, Egypt's largest newspaper (see also Al Ahram)
Palestine Chronicle, weekly electronic paper

Think tanks and strategic analysis

Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University, influential centrist Israeli think tank specializing in military and strategic analysis
Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA), Palestinian research organization
Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information Joint Israeli-Palestinian think tank
Middle East Research and Information Project (see also Middle East Research and Information Project)
Saban Center for Middle East Policy (see also Saban Center for Middle East Policy)
Washington Institute for Near East Policy (see also Washington Institute for Near East Policy)
Original analysis of current developments in the peace-process, from Middle East Media Research Institute
The Ariel Center for Policy Research
A Regional Perspective on the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Jay Shapiro
Obama and the Palestinian Question by Alvaro de Vasconcelos, Opinion, June 2009 European Union Institute for Security Studies

Peace proposals

See main article: List of Middle East peace proposals

An historical summary of Middle East Peace Plans and Proposals

Maps

MideastWeb Middle East Map Collection
FactsOfIsrael.com Maps, history, statistics, victims
University of Texas Map Collection

General sources

Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict from the Council on Foreign Relations
Resources >Modern Period>20th Cent.>History of Israel>State of Israel The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Daily digest of commentary about the Arab-Israeli conflict from around the world
Israel and the Palestinians
Encarta Encyclopedia on the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Archived 2009-10-31)
Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict, includes links to historical sources, as well as sources representing the Arab and Israeli sides of the conflict.
The Guardian (UK) A Brief History of Arab-Israeli Conflict (flash)
Mideast: Land of Conflict from CNN
Israel-Palestine Conflict at the Open Directory Project
University of Texas Center for Mideast Studies extensive collection of updated links
Diplomacy Monitor - Middle East
Information (articles, reports, maps, books, links, ...) on the israeli palestinian conflict (middle east conflict)
Holy Land, Unholy War Independent coverage of the Middle East conflicts by the news agency Inter Press Service
"A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict" by Jeremy Pressman

Modern conflicts in the Middle East

Arab–Israeli conflict · Israeli–Palestinian conflict · North Yemen Civil War · Dhofar Rebellion · Cyprus Dispute · Lebanese Civil War · Libyan–Egyptian War · Iran–Iraq War · Gulf War · 1994 civil war in Yemen · Iraq War · Terrorism in Saudi Arabia · Sa'dah insurgency · 2006 Lebanon War · 2007 Lebanon conflict · 2009 South Yemen insurgency

Arab–Israeli conflict

Participants in the Arab-Israeli conflict

Governments	Egypt • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Lebanon • Palestinian National Authority • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Yemen

Active organizations	Amal • al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades • Arab League • Arab Liberation Front • Ba'ath Party • Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine • Fatah • Guardians of the Cedars • Hamas • Hezbollah • Jaish al-Islam • Kataeb • Lebanese Forces • Palestinian Islamic Jihad • Palestine Liberation Front • Palestine Liberation Organisation • Palestinian Popular Struggle Front • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command • Popular Resistance Committees • as-Saiqa

Former	South Lebanon Army • Arab Higher Committee • Arab Liberation Army • Holy War Army • Irgun (Etzel) • Lehi • Black Hand • Black September

Other governments	Iran • Norway • Turkey • Russia • United Kingdom • United States

Other organizations	European Union • United Nations

Former states	British Mandate of Palestine • Soviet Union • United Arab Republic

Arab-Israeli conflict individual participants

Lester B. Pearson • Abd al-Hakim Amer • Hosni Mubarak • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Anwar Sadat • Mahmoud Ahmadinejad • Ali Khamenei • Ruhollah Khomeini • Faisal I • Saddam Hussein • Ehud Barak • Menachem Begin • David Ben-Gurion • Moshe Dayan • Levi Eshkol • Golda Meir • Benjamin Netanyahu • Ehud Olmert • Shimon Peres • Yitzhak Rabin • Yitzhak Shamir • Ariel Sharon • Chaim Weizmann • King Abdullah I • King Abdullah II • King Hussein • Emile Lahoud • Hassan Nasrallah • Fouad Siniora • Recep Tayyip Erdogan • Mona Juul • Johan Jørgen Holst • Terje Rød-Larsen • Mahmoud Abbas • Yasser Arafat • Marwan Barghouti • George Habash • Ismail Haniya • Amin al-Husayni • Khaled Mashal • Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi • Ahmed Shukeiri • Ahmed Yassin • King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) • King Abdullah • King Fahd • King Faisal • Folke Bernadotte • Hafez al-Assad • Bashar al-Assad • Shukri al-Quwatli • Salah Jadid • Ernest Bevin • Arthur Balfour • Tony Blair • Richard Crossman • Madeleine Albright • Ralph Bunche • George H. W. Bush • George W. Bush • Jimmy Carter • Bill Clinton • Henry Kissinger • Ronald Reagan • Condoleezza Rice • Dennis Ross • Harry S. Truman • Cyrus R. Vance

Arab-Israeli conflict engagements

Before 1948	1920 Palestine riots • 1921 Jaffa riots • 1929 Palestine riots • 1936–1939 Arab revolt • 1947 Jerusalem riots

1948-50	1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine • 1948 Arab–Israeli War

1950s	1950s terrorism against Israel • The retribution operations • 1953 Qibya massacre • 1954 Operation Susannah • 1956 Suez Crisis

1960s	1962-1970 Operations Porcupine and Gravy • 1964-1967 The War over Water • 1966 Samu Incident • 1967 Six-Day War • 1968 Battle of Karameh • 1968–1970 War of Attrition • 1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon • 1969 Cherbourg Project

1970s	1970 Black September in Jordan • 1972 Operation Isotope • 1972 Operation Crate 3 • 1972 Munich Olympics massacre • 1972-1979 Operation Wrath of God • 1972 Israeli aerial raid on Lebanon • 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon • 1973 Yom Kippur War • 1974 Ma'alot massacre • 1975 Savoy Operation • 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War • 1976 Operation Entebbe • 1978 Coastal Road Massacre • 1978 South Lebanon conflict

1980s	1981 Operation Opera • 1982 Lebanon War • 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict • 1984 Kav 300 affair • 1985 PLO ships bombing • 1985 Operation Wooden Leg • 1987–1990 First Intifada • 1988 Tunis raid • 1989 Sheik Abdul-Karim Obeid kidnapping

1990s	1991 Gulf War • 1992 Operation Bramble Bush • 1994 Mustafa Dirani kidnapping • 1994 Waxman rescue attempt • 1993-present Palestinian suicide attacks • 1993 Lebanon war • 1996 Lebanon war

2000s	2000–present Al-Aqsa Intifada • 2001–present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel (2001-2006 • 2007 • 2008 • Gaza War • 2009 • 2010) • 2001 Santorini • 2002 Operation Noah's Ark • 2002 Operation Defensive Shield • 2002 Operation Determined Path • 2003 Abu Hassan • 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike • 2004 Operation Rainbow • 2004 Operation Days of Penitence • 2005 Shevet Ahim • 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods • 2006 Israel–Gaza conflict • 2006 Lebanon War • 2007–2008 Israel–Gaza conflict • 2008 Operation Hot Winter • 2007 Operation Orchard • 2008–2009 Gaza War • 2009 Sudan Air Strikes • 2009 Operation Four Species

Diplomacy and Peace proposals in the Arab-Israeli conflict

Damascus Protocol • Hussein-McMahon Correspondence • Sykes-Picot Agreement • 1917 Balfour Declaration • Declaration to the Seven • Anglo-French Declaration • 1919 Faisal-Weizmann Agreement • 1920 San Remo conference • 1922 Churchill White Paper • 1939 White Paper • 1947 UN Partition Plan • 1948 Establishment of Israel • 1948 UNGA Resolution 194 • 1949 Armistice Agreements • 1964 Palestinian National Covenant • 1967 Khartoum Resolution • 1967 UNSC Resolution 242 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 339 • 1974 UNSC Resolution 350 • 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 • 1978 Camp David Accords • 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 • 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty • 1979 UNSC Resolution 452 • 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 • 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 • 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement • 1991 Madrid Conference • 1993 Oslo Accords • 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace • 1998 Wye River Memorandum • 2000 Camp David Summit • 2000 Clinton's Parameters • 2001 Taba Summit • 2001 UNSC Resolution 1373 • 2002 Beirut Summit and Peace Initiative • 2002 Road map for peace • 2003 Geneva Accord • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1566 • 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 • 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh Summit • 2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan • 2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document • 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 • 2007 Annapolis Conference

Jews and Judaism

Denominations	Schisms · Intra-Jewish relations · Orthodox (Hardal · Haredi · Hasidic · Modern Orthodox) · Conservative (Conservadox) · Reform · Reconstructionist · Jewish Renewal · Rabbinic · Karaite · Samaritan · Humanistic

Philosophy	Principles of faith · Chosen people · Eschatology · Ethics · Halakha · Holocaust theology · Kabbalah · Kashrut · Messianism · Minyan · Mussar Movement · Names of God · Seven Laws of Noah · Tzedakah · Tzniut

Religious texts	Tanakh (Torah · Nevi'im · Ketuvim) · Arba'ah Turim · Chumash · Kuzari · Passover Haggadah · Midrash · Mishnah Berurah · Mishneh Torah · Piyyut · Rabbinic works · Shulchan Aruch · Siddur · Talmud · Tosefta · Zohar

Jewish leadership	Abraham · Isaac · Jacob · Sarah · Rebecca · Rachel · Leah · Moses · Deborah · Ruth · David · Solomon · Elijah · Hillel · Shammai · Yehudah haNasi · Saadia Gaon · Rashi · Isaac Alfasi · Abraham ibn Ezra · Tosafists · Rambam · Nahmanides · Asher ben Jehiel · Gersonides · Joseph Albo · Yosef Karo · Baal Shem Tov · Shneur Zalman of Liadi · Vilna Gaon · Leopold Zunz · Moses Mendelssohn · Israel Jacobson · Abraham Geiger · Ben Ish Chai · Avrohom Mordechai Alter · Ovadia Yosef · Moshe Feinstein · Elazar Shach · Menachem Schneerson

Life and culture	Who is a Jew? · Minyan · Bar and Bat Mitzvah · Bereavement · Brit milah · Etymology of the word Jew · Marriage · Wedding · Niddah · Pidyon haben · Jewish cuisine · Secular Jewish culture · Hiloni · Shidduch · Zeved habat · Conversion to Judaism

Roles and places	Four Holy Cities (Jerusalem · Tzfat · Hebron · Tiberias) · Beth din · Gabbai · Hazzan · Kohen · Maggid · Mashgiach · Mikvah · Mohel · Rabbi · Rebbe · Rosh yeshiva · Synagogue · Temple · Tabernacle · Western Wall

Religious articles	Aleinu · Amidah · Four Species · Gartel · Hallel · Havdalah · Kaddish · Kittel · Kol Nidre · Ma Tovu · Menorah (Hanukiah) · Mezuzah · Prayer · Sefer Torah · Services · Shema Yisrael · Shofar · Tallit · Tefillin · Tzitzit · Yad · Kippah/Yarmulke

Interactions with other religions	Jewish views of religious pluralism · Abrahamic religions · Christianity (Catholicism · Christian-Jewish reconciliation · Judeo-Christian · Mormonism · Messianic Judaism) · Islam · Jewish Buddhist · Judeo-Paganism · Black Hebrew Israelites · Kabbalah Centre · Others

Languages	Hebrew · Judeo-Arabic · Judeo-Aramaic · Judeo-Persian · Ladino · Yiddish

History	Ancient · Temple in Jerusalem · Babylonian captivity · Jerusalem (Significance · Timeline) · Hasmonean · Herod · Sanhedrin · Pharisees · Saducees · Essenes · First Jewish-Roman War · Bar Kokhba revolt · Diaspora · Middle Ages · Muslim rule · Sabbateans · Haskalah · Emancipation · The Holocaust · Aliyah · Israel (History) · Arab-Israeli / Israeli-Palestinian conflicts · Land of Israel · Baal teshuva movement · Judaism by country

Politics	Zionism (General · Labor · Religious · Revisionist) · Political movements (Jewish left · Jewish right · Jewish anarchism) · Bundism · World Agudath Israel · Feminism · Politics of Israel

Antisemitism	History · Persecution · New · Racial · Religious · Secondary

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He considered that both countries have very strong interests in a stable, prosperous and peaceful Middle East, which means dealing with the current basic challenges to achieve regional stability represented by the . Arab. -. Israeli conflict. ...

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'Arab-Israeli Conflict' Answers

What are the causes and effects of the Arab- Israeli conflict? How can it be resolved?
Q. please leave the address to any website with info about this so i can get more info.
Asked by girl with questions - Tue May 29 17:53:49 2007 - - 6 Answers - 0 Comments

A. In the late 1800s, European Jews began settling in Palestine, which at that time was part of the Ottoman Empire. These "Zionists" believed Palestine was the land that, in the Bible, God promised to Abraham. They coexisted with the indigenous people of the area, who are now called Palestinians. After World War One, the British took control of that region away from the Ottoman Turks, and established a British "Mandate" called Trans-Jordan, which included much of the Levant. The Zionist movement grew, and more Jews emigrated there from Europe. Tensions grew as well. The Brits tried to limit new arrivals, which after World War Two, became impossible to stop. In 1948 Israel proclaimed its nationhood, and seven Arab states, all of them in former… [cont.]
Answered by Who Else? - Tue May 29 18:20:00 2007

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Contents

Religious aspects of the conflict

History

End of 19th century–1948

1949–1967

1967–1973

1974–2000

2000–present

Cost of conflict

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Government and official sources

Regional media

Think tanks and strategic analysis

Peace proposals

Maps

General sources

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