Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province In Ancient Rome, a province was the basic, and until the Tetrarchy (circa 296), largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of Italy. The word province in modern English has its origins in the term used by the Romans and an early Mediaeval The Middle Ages is a period of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and preceded the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classical, Medieval, and Modern. The term "Middle Ages" (medium aevum) was coined in kingdom A monarchy is a form of government in which all political power is absolutely or nominally lodged with an individual or individuals. As a political entity, the monarch is the head of state, generally until their death or abdication, and "is wholly set apart from all other members of the state." The person who heads a monarchy is called a that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Tarraconensis. Subsequently, the western part of (approximately present-day northern Região Norte , is a region in the northern part of Portugal. It is a land of dense vegetation and profound historic and cultural wealth. Its capital is the city of Porto. The region has 4,034,271 inhabitants (2007), and its area is 21,278 km² (density of 173 inhabitants per square kilometre). It is one of five regions of Mainland Portugal (NUTS Portugal Portugal /ˈpɔɹtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, Mirandese: Pertual), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa; Mirandese: República Pertuesa), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and, and León (province) León is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León, Asturias The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community within the kingdom of Spain, former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. It is situated on the Spanish north coast facing the Cantabrian Sea (Mar Cantábrico, the Spanish name for the Bay of Biscay) and Galicia Galicia is an autonomous community and historic region in northwest Spain, with the status of a historic nationality, and descends from one of the first kingdoms of Europe, the Kingdom of Galicia. It is constituted under the Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981. Its component provinces are A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra. It borders in Spain Spain (pronounced /ˈspeɪn/ spayn; Spanish: España, pronounced [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.[note 6] Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for). The most important city and historical capital of Callaecia was the town of Bracara Augusta, the modern Portuguese Braga Braga , a city in the Braga Municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the Braga District, the oldest archdiocese and one of the major cities of the country. Braga is the oldest Portuguese city and, one of the oldest Christian cities in the World. With an urban population of 175,063, Braga is the seventh largest municipality in.
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Description
The Romans gave the name Gallaecia to the northwest part of the Iberian peninsula The Iberian Peninsula is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day states Portugal, Spain, Andorra, the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar and a very small area of France. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the after the Gallaeci The Gallaeci or Callaeci were a Celtic people living in Gallaecia, the region roughly corresponding to what is now Galicia and North of Portugal, from the Iron Age through the Roman period. They spoke a Continental Celtic language similar to the Old Irish (Greek Greek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical ancient Greek literature and the New Testament of Kallaikoi) tribe (or Gallaecians). These Gallaeci lived in the Douro Valley with center in Cale in the area that would become the Roman town of Portus Cale, today's Porto Porto , also known as Oporto, is the second largest (after Lisbon) city of Portugal, with a population of 220,000 within its administrative limits on a land area of 41.66 km2 (16 sq mi). The urban area of Porto extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 1.1 million on a area of 389 km2 (150 sq mi), it is the second largest. [1] [2]
The wild Gallaic Celts The Iron Age and Roman-era Celts were a diverse group of tribal societies in Europe who spoke Celtic languages make their entry in written history in the first-century epic Punica of Silius Italicus on the First Punic War The First Punic War was the first of three major wars fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic. For 23 years, the two powers struggled for supremacy in the western Mediterranean Sea. Carthage, located in what is today Tunisia, was the dominant Western Mediterranean power at the beginning of the conflicts. Eventually, Rome emerged the victor,:
- Fibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem
- flammarum misit dives Callaecia pubem,
- barbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis,
- nunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra,
- ad numerum resonas gaudentem plaudere caetras. (book III.344-7)
- "Rich Gallaecia sent its youths, wise in the knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts, by feathers and flames— who, now crying out the barbarian The word is often used pejoratively, either in a general reference to a member of a nation or ethnos, typically a tribal society as seen by an urban civilization either viewed as inferior, or admired as a noble savage. In idiomatic or figurative usage, a "barbarian" may also be an individual reference to a brutal, cruel, warlike, song of their native tongue, now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang, and accompanying the playing with sonorous caetrae" (a caetra was a small type of shield A shield is a type of personal armor, meant to intercept attacks, either by stopping projectiles such as arrows or by glancing a blow to the side of the shield-user. Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large shields that protect the user's entire body to small shields that are mostly for use in hand-to-hand combat. Shields also vary a great used in the region).
Gallaecia, as a region, was thus marked for the Romans as much for its Celtic The Iron Age and Roman-era Celts were a diverse group of tribal societies in Europe who spoke Celtic languages culture, the culture of the castros or castreja — hillforts A hill fort is a type of earthworks used as a fortified refuge or defended settlement, located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. They are typically European and of the Bronze and Iron Ages. The fortification usually follows the contours of the hill, consisting of one or more lines of earthworks, with stockades or defensive of Celtic origin—as it was for the lure of its gold mines. This civilization extended over present day Galicia Galicia is an autonomous community and historic region in northwest Spain, with the status of a historic nationality, and descends from one of the first kingdoms of Europe, the Kingdom of Galicia. It is constituted under the Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981. Its component provinces are A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra. It borders, the north of Portugal Portugal /ˈpɔɹtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, Mirandese: Pertual), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa; Mirandese: República Pertuesa), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and, the western part of Asturias The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community within the kingdom of Spain, former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. It is situated on the Spanish north coast facing the Cantabrian Sea (Mar Cantábrico, the Spanish name for the Bay of Biscay), the Berço, and Sanabria.
At a far later date, the mythic history that was encapsulated in Lebor Gabála Érenn credited Gallaecia as the point from which the Gallaic Celts sailed to conquer Ireland, as they had Gallaecia, by force of arms.
History
Pre-Roman Gallaecia
Strabo in his Geography mentions that the ancient people called Lusitania to the lands north of river Douro, the land that in his own time was known as Gallaecia.[3] . On other way he also mentions that for their fighting spirit not only the Gallaeci gave the name to the man who defeated them and the lusitanians but also they made, for this, that the most of the lusitanians are called Gallaeci [4]
Roman Gallaecia
Roman Gallaecia under Diocletian's reorganization, 293 ADAfter the Punic Wars, the Romans turned their attention to conquering Hispania. The tribe of the Gallaeci 60,000 strong, according to Paulus Orosius, faced the Roman forces in 137 BC in a battle at the river Douro (Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, Latin: Durius), which resulted in a great Roman victory, by virtue of which the Roman proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus returned a hero, receiving the agnomen Gallaicus ("conqueror of the Gallaicoi"). From this time, Gallaic fighters joined the Roman legions, to serve as far away as Dacia and Britain. The final extinction of Celtic resistance was the aim of the violent and ruthless Cantabrian Wars fought under the emperor Octavian from 26 to 19 BC. The resistance was appalling: collective suicide rather than surrender, mothers who killed their children before committing suicide, crucified prisoners of war who sang triumphant hymns, rebellions of captives who killed their guards and returned home from Gaul.
For Rome Gallaecia was a region formed exclusively by two conventus—the Lucensis and the Bracarensis — and was distinguished clearly from other zones like the Asturica, according to written sources:
- Legatus iuridici to per ASTURIAE ET GALLAECIAE.
- Procurator ASTURIAE ET GALLAECIAE.
- Cohors ASTURUM ET GALLAECORUM.
- Pliny: ASTURIA ET GALLAECIA
In the 3rd century, Diocletian created an administrative division which included the conventus of Gallaecia, Asturica and, perhaps, Cluniense. This province took the name of Gallaecia since Gallaecia was the most populous and important zone within the province. In 409, as Roman control collapsed, the Suebi conquests transformed Roman Gallaecia (convents Lucense and Bracarense) into the kingdom of Galicia (the Galliciense Regnum recorded by Hydatius and Gregory of Tours).
Roman governors
- Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius, praeses before 338
Later Gallaecia
In Beatus of Liébana (d. 798), Gallaecia refers to the Christian part of the Iberian peninsula, whereas Hispania refers to the Muslim one. The emirs found it not worth their while to conquer these mountains filled with fighters and lacking oil or wine.
In Charlemagne's time, bishops of Gallaecia attended the Council of Frankfurt in 794. During his residence in Aachen, he received embassies from Alfonso II of Asturias, according to the Frankish chronicles.
Sancho III of Navarre in 1029 refers to Vermudo III as Imperator domus Vermudus in Gallaecia.
See also
References
- ^ Strabo, Geography, Book III, Chapter 3
- ^ [Luján, Eugenio R. (2000): "Ptolemy's 'Callaecia' and the language(s) of the 'Callaeci', in Ptolemy: towards a linguistic atlas of the earliest Celtic place-names of Europe : papers from a workshop sponsored by the British Academy, Dept. of Welsh, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 11-12 April 1999, pp. 55-72. Parsons and Patrick Sims-Williams editors.]
- ^ Strabo, Geography, Book III, Chapter 4
- ^ Strabo, Geography, Book III, Chapter 3
Bibliography
- Coutinhas, José Manuel (2006), Aproximação à identidade etno-cultural dos Callaeci Bracari, Porto.
External links
- Alfonso Carbonell Lombardero, "The Gaels in Gallaecia"
- LuÃs Magarinhos Igrejas, "Sobre a origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza"
- Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
- Rutas Arqueolóxicas do Eixo Atlántico - Roteiro Arqueológico do Eixo Atlântico
Categories: Ancient Roman provinces | History of Galicia | Roman and pre-Roman Hispania | History of Spain | History of Portugal | Celtic culture | States and territories established in the 3rd century
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Xornal, Spain
Deus fratresque Gallaecia . A divisa que as cronicons autores como Benito Vicetto atribuen aos participantes nas Revoltas Irmandinas, que outras referencias historica situan no Batallon Literario de Compostela nas suas loitas contra o frances e que o ...
Alvaro P. Vilarino
hu, 03 Dec 2009 17:13:00 GM
skip to main | skip to sidebar. DIVES . gallaecia. . 03/12/09. As TICs nosas de cada dia. Ese foi o titulo que me inspirou a Musa ... Dives . Gallaecia. . Dives . Gallaecia. . Aliae Bitacorae. A Republica das letras · Bitacora de Carlos Cabanillas ...
