A journalist collects and disseminates information Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is an ordered sequence of symbols. As a concept, however, information has many meanings. Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation about current events, people, trends, and issues. His or her work is acknowledged as journalism Journalism is the investigation and reporting of events, issues, and trends to a broad audience. Although there is much variation within journalism, the ideal is to inform the citizenry. Besides covering organizations and institutions such as government and business, journalism also covers cultural aspects of society such as arts and entertainment.
Reporters A reporter is a type of journalist who researches and presents information in certain types of mass media are one type of journalist. They create reports as a profession for broadcast or publication in mass media Mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a large audience. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been in use for centuries such as newspapers A newspaper is a regularly scheduled publication containing news, information, and advertising. By 2007 there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a day (55 million in the U.S). The worldwide recession of 2008, combined with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a serious decline in advertising and, television Television is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images, either monochromatic ("black and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a television set, television programming or television transmission. The word is derived from mixed Latin, radio Radio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space. Information is carried by systematically changing some property of the radiated waves, such as, magazines Magazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications, generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three. Magazines can be distributed through the mail; through sales by newsstands, bookstores or other vendors;, documentary film Documentary film is a broad category of moving pictures intended to document some aspect of reality. A "documentary film" was originally a movie shot on film stock—the only medium available—but now includes video and digital productions that can be either direct-to-video or made for a television programme. "Documentary" has, and the Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and. Reporters find sources for their work, their reports can be either spoken or written, and they are often expected to report in the most objective Objectivity is a significant principle of journalistic professionalism. Journalistic objectivity can refer to fairness, disinterestedness, factuality, and nonpartisanship, but most often encompasses all of these qualities and unbiased One type of cognitive bias is confirmation bias, the tendency to interpret new information in such a way that confirms one's prior beliefs, even to the extreme of denial, ignoring information that conflicts with one's prior beliefs. The fundamental attribution error, also known as "correspondence bias", is one example of such bias, in way to serve the public good. A columnist Pronounced with the 'n', a columnist is a journalist who writes for publication in a series, creating copy that can sometimes be strongly opinionated. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs on the Internet is a journalist who writes pieces that appear regularly in newspapers or magazines.
Depending on the context, the term journalist also includes various types of editors Editing is the process of selecting and preparing language, images, sound, video, or film through processes of correction, condensation, organization, and other modifications in various media. A person who edits is called an editor. In a sense, the editing process originates with the idea for the work itself and continues in the relationship and visual journalists, such as photographers A photographer, from the Greek φωτός, "light" and γράφω, "I write", is a person who takes photographs using a camera. A professional photographer uses photography to earn money whilst amateur photographers take photographs for pleasure and to record an event, emotion, place, or person, graphic artists A graphic designer is a professional within the graphic design and graphic arts industry who assembles together images, typography or motion graphics to create a piece of design. A graphic designer creates the graphics primarily for published, printed or electronic media, such as brochures and advertising. They are also sometimes responsible for, and page designers News design is the process of arranging material on a newspaper page, according to editorial and graphical guidelines and goals. Main editorial goals include the ordering of news stories by order of importance, while graphical considerations include readability and balanced, unobtrusive incorporation of advertising.
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Ethics in journalism
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Some journalists in the United States adhere to the standards and norms expressed in the Society of Professional Journalists The Society of Professional Journalists , formerly known as Sigma Delta Chi, is one of the oldest organizations representing journalists in the United States. It was established in 1909 at DePauw University ethical code An ethical code is adopted by an organization in an attempt to assist those in the organization called upon to make a decision understand the difference between 'right' and 'wrong' and to apply this understanding to their decision. The ethical code therefore generally implies documents at three levels:.[1] Foremost in the minds of most practicing journalists is the issue of maintaining credibility Traditionally, credibility has two key components: trustworthiness and expertise, which both have objective and subjective components. Trustworthiness is based more on subjective factors, but can include objective measurements such as established reliability. Expertise can be similarly subjectively perceived, but also includes relatively objective, "Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's credibility."[1] For journalists struggling with ethical decisions, there is an Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists.
Journalist prison census
See also: Political censorship Political censorship exists when a government attempts to conceal, distort, or falsify information that its citizens receive by suppressing or crowding out political news that the public might receive through news outlets. In the absence of unflattering but objective information, people will be unable to dissent with the government or politicalAccording to the 2008 prison census by the Committee to Protect Journalists The Committee to Protect Journalists is an independent, nonprofit organization based in New York, New York, United States, that promotes press freedom and defends the rights of journalists, the world's biggest jailers of journalists are:[2]
- People's Republic of China Censorship in the People's Republic of China is implemented or mandated by the PRC's ruling party, the Communist Party of China (CPC). The special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau have their own legal systems and are largely self-governing, so these censorship policies do not apply there
- Cuba Censorship in Cuba has been reported on extensively, and resulted in European Union sanctions as well as statements of protest from groups, governments, and noted individuals
- Burma Censorship in Burma refers to government policies in controlling and regulating certain information, particularly on religious, ethnic, political, and moral grounds. Freedom of speech and the press are not guaranteed by law, and every publication (including newspaper articles, cartoons, advertisements, and illustrations) are censored by the Press
- Eritrea Human rights in Eritrea are viewed as poor. Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed, the judiciary is weak, and constitutional provisions protecting individual freedom have yet to be fully implemented.[citation needed] Security forces are responsible for unlawful killings. Observers in
- Uzbekistan The state of human rights in Uzbekistan has faced heavy criticism for arbitrary arrests, religious persecution, and torture employed by the government on a regional and national level. The U.S. Department of State has designated Uzbekistan a Country of Particular Concern for religious persecution. Craig Murray, British ambassador 2002-2004,
The Reporters Without Borders Reporters Without Borders, or RWB is a Parisian-based international non-governmental organization that advocates freedom of the press. It was founded in 1985 by Robert Ménard, Rony Brauman and the journalist Jean-Claude Guillebaud. Jean-François Julliard has served as Secretary General since 2008. English speakers often refer to the organization and the Committee to Protect Journalists The Committee to Protect Journalists is an independent, nonprofit organization based in New York, New York, United States, that promotes press freedom and defends the rights of journalists publish reports on press freedom and organize campaigns.
See also
- Military journalist
- War correspondent A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone. In the 19th century they were also called Special Correspondents
Notes
- ^ a b "Society of Professional Journalists: Code of Ethics". Society of Professional Journalists. http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ "CPJ's 2008 prison census: Online and in jail". http://cpj.org/reports/2008/12/cpjs-2008-prison-census-online-and-in-jail.php.
References
- Fowler, Nathaniel Clark. (1913). The Handbook of Journalism: All about Newspaper Work.--Facts and Information of Vital Moment to the Journalist and to All who Would Enter this Calling. New York: Sully and Kleinteich.
- Huffman, James L. (2003). A Yankee in Meiji Japan: The Crusading Journalist. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. was founded in 1949. It is an independent publishing house which offers scholarly works for the academic market. They are based in Lanham, Maryland. 10-ISBN 0-742-52621-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-742-52621-1
- Randall, David. (2000). The Universal Journalist. Sterling Virginia: Pluto Press Pluto Press is a progressive, independent publisher based in London. It was founded in 1969 by Richard Kuper and others as an arm of International Socialism, the forerunner of the Socialist Workers Party in the UK. In 1979 it ended that political affiliation and became truly independent. Pluto Press is distributed in the United States by Palgrave. 10-ISBN 0-745-31641-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-745-31641-3; OCLC 43481682
- Stone, Ejijah Melville. (1921) Fifty Years a Journalist. New York: Doubleday, Page and Company It was founded as Doubleday & McClure Company in 1897 by Frank Nelson Doubleday , who had formed a partnership with magazine publisher Samuel McClure. One of their first bestsellers was The Day's Work by Rudyard Kipling. Other authors published by the company in its early years include W. Somerset Maugham and Joseph Conrad. Theodore Roosevelt,. OCLC 1520155
- Woods, Donald. (1981). Asking for Trouble: Autobiography of a Banned Journalist. New York: Atheneum. 10-ISBN 0689111592; 13-ISBN 978-0-689-11159-4; OCLC 6864121
- Media Club of Pakistan www.iranewschannel.com www.apnaira.com
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Journalists |
- Society of Professional Journalists
- [1] 20 key points every TV journalist should know
Categories: Journalists | Media occupations
Wed, 28 Jul 2010 04:29:38 GMT+00:00
gets on road bike to report on veterans recovering from ... Dscriber (blog) The best way for any journalist to truly understand the organization's goals is to ride, Wordin told me. Sure, I said, I'll go. ...
Nancy Snow
Fri, 23 Jul 2010 19:48:42 GM
The nonagenarian voice of NPR, one of "Murrow's Boys" at CBS, Daniel Schorr, has died at 93. In honor of his passing, let's take a moment today and think about the state of media in America.
Q. There has been a growing debate these days who are journalist and who are bloggers? Can bloggers be also considered journalist? How do we tell then a journalist?
Asked by haruki - Wed Sep 5 01:33:42 2007 - - 4 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Wouldn't you rather draw a line than divide it? Sorry, couldn't help that. Many bloggers are indeed just people who vent their personal lives, but there are also some whose work can be qualified as journalism - people who put research into their postings, keep a neutral point of view, write things up instead of just shoving everything they know onto the site. Essentially, though, yo can tell a journalist by the fact that he has trained to be one and knows how to write and research a story.
Answered by kat1605nrw - Wed Sep 5 14:48:33 2007
